Showing posts with label Velvetworm. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Velvetworm. Show all posts

Onychophora

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Velvetworm, any of a group of soft-bodied, many-legged, worm-like animals known for their velvety cuticle, or outer covering, and their resemblance to both arthropods (insects, spiders, and crustaceans) and annelids (segmented or true worms). They live in moist tropical and temperate habitats south of the tropic of Cancer. Velvetworms are also known as onychophorans or peripatuses, after the most familiar genus. About 80 species of velvetworms are known.

Mature velvetworms range from 1.5 to 15 cm (0.6 to 5.9 in) in length and may be blue, orange, green, or black in color. Their thin, flexible cuticle, or outer skin, bears many small, scaly, wartlike tubercles and sensory hairs, which produce a velvety appearance. Velvetworms have 14 to 43 pairs of stubby, claw-tipped legs called lobopods. The lobopods contain no muscles. Velvetworms control their body and limb movements with hydrostatic pressure changes within their body cavity. Velvetworms use these pressure changes to lift and lower their legs in waves, as their body creeps along with slug-like motion.

When conditions are too dry or too wet, velvetworms hide in burrows or protected niches until conditions improve. They are nocturnal, appearing only at night, and prey on other small invertebrates. The velvetworm's jaws hold the prey while it is being eaten. Salivary glands produce enzymes that partly digest tissues so the meal can be sucked up. When disturbed or threatened, velvetworms shoot a sticky, quick-hardening slime from two oral papillae, wartlike bumps on either side of the mouth. They can shoot the slime up to 50 cm (19.7 in). The slime is produced by slime glands originating at the base of the oral papillae and may also be used to immobilize prey.

The velvetworm has a pair of fleshy, ringed antennae on its head and a pair of eyes near the bases of the antennae, each with a lens and retina. Blood is circulated by a tube-shaped dorsal heart (located near the top of the body cavity) and flows freely within the body cavity around the internal organs; it carries no oxygen. Gases are exchanged through a system of minute tracheae, or breathing tubes, which open into pits located throughout the cuticle. The pits cannot be closed and are a major source of water loss for the moisture-dependent velvetworm. The velvetworm takes in water by drinking and by absorption through special ballooning sacs on the lobopods. Wastes are excreted from paired sacs called coelomoducts or nephridia, which are present on most body segments and which lead to pores on the legs. The slime glands and female sexual ducts are modified coelomoducts. The brain gives rise to a pair of ventral nerve cords, which run along the bottom of the body cavity and are connected by ladderlike cross nerves.

The sexes are separate in velvetworms; males are generally smaller and may have fewer legs than females. In the species where sexual behavior is known, fertilization occurs through copulation.

Scientific classification: Velvetworms make up the phylum Onychophora. The most familiar species are in the genus Peripatus.

Pictures of Invertebrates

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Purple and Yellow Tube Sponge
The purple and yellow tube sponge displays one of the many different body forms typical of sponges. Sponges, considered to be the most primitive of the multicellular animals, are represented in the fossil record back to the Cambrian Period, at least 600 million years ago. The interior body cavities of sponges provide shelter for a variety of small crabs, sea stars, and other marine invertebrates.




Scorpion
This species of scorpion is one of approximately 40 species of scorpion native to the southwestern United States. A jointed, external exoskeleton provides the scorpion with a protective outer shell. Defense and prey capture involves grasping of the prey or potential predator with the large powerful claws while the jointed tail delivers a disabling sting. Although the sting of most scorpions is not fatal to humans, the sting of this particular species has proven to be fatal to younger children.




Sheep Tick
Ticks are members of the class Arachnida, which includes spiders, scorpions, daddy longlegs, and mites. All ticks are carnivorous, feeding on the blood of various species of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including human beings. Ticks use their mouthparts to anchor themselves to the skin, where they cut a small hole and suck the blood. A number of tick species transmit diseases infecting livestock, pets, and humans.




Silverfish
The silverfish, like other insects of its order, displays vestigial legs in addition to the usual six. Among the most primitive of all animals, the silverfish belongs to the bristletails order of insects. A common household pest also known as “sugar mites,” silverfish feed on starchy materials such as foods in kitchen pantries and the glue in book bindings and wallpaper.




Snail
Some groups of snails have shells that coil to the left (left-handed), while others have shells coiling to the right (right-handed). In some groups both right- and left-handed members are present. The shell affords protection from predators and the rigors of the environment. When threatened, the snail pulls its entire body inside. A small, circular structure called the operculum closes securely behind the snail to form a tight seal that keeps out predators and keeps in moisture.




South African Tsetse Fly
The South African tsetse fly, common to central Africa, is responsible for transmitting the parasitic protozoan that causes sleeping sickness, a disease that can be fatal to humans and domestic cattle.







Sow Bug
The sow bug is actually a type of crustacean. Sow bugs are commonly found in rotting wood, wood piles, or under the loose bark of old stumps or fallen trees. When threatened by predators, the sow bug curls up into a tight, little ball, protected by its hard outer shell.






Starfish
Although many starfish have 5 arms, or rays, some species may have as many as 44 arms. All starfish can grow back arms lost through predation and physical injury. Starfish have a flattened body with the mouth located on the oral, or lower body surface. Many starfish can evert their stomach through their mouth to feed on food items too large to ingest.




Tapeworm
Tapeworms are parasitic worms that infest the intestinal lining and other organs of vertebrates. Tapeworms, having no mouth or digestive tract, are able to absorb partially digested material through their body surface.







Velvetworm
The velvetworm is an unusual animal because it shares some characteristics with arthropods but has other features that resemble segmented worms, or annelids.






Zebra Mussel
Accidentally introduced from Europe in the mid-1980s, zebra mussels have spread throughout many North American lakes and rivers. These hardy freshwater mussels grow and reproduce quickly. They attach to almost any submerged surface, frequently coating or clogging boat hulls, fishing equipment, and water intake pipes.

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