Turtle
. Turtle, reptile with a bony or leathery shell. Any shelled reptile can be called a turtle, but in North America people commonly use the word tortoise to designate members of a family of turtles that live entirely on land, reserving the word turtle for species that live in or near water. The upper shell of the turtle, under which the head, limbs, and tail can be more or less completely withdrawn, is called the carapace. The lower shell, which encases the belly, is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined together on a turtle’s left and right sides by bony structures called bridges. The inner layer of a turtle’s shell is composed of about 60 bones, including portions of the backbone and the ribs. For this reason, a turtle cannot crawl out of its shell. Most turtles and tortoises have conspicuous eyes placed well forward on the upper sides of their heads. Turtle species that live most of their lives on land usually focus their eyes downward toward objects in front of